EURURO Vol. 72 No. 5

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Table 3 – At-diagnosis characteristics for the survival analysis
according to regular aspirin use at prostate cancer diagnosis
among all men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer in
the Physicians’ Health Study
At-diagnosis characteristics Regular aspirin use at diagnosis
Yes (>3 d/wk) No ( 3 d/w)
2083 1194
Age (yr) 71.2 71.9
Body mass index (kg/m2) 25.6 25.2
Height (cm) 179 179
Race
White 93 89
Non-white 7 11
Smoking status
Never/quit >10 yr ago 48 49
Past, quit within 10 yr 48 47
Current 4 4
Medical history
Hypertension 59 52
Diabetes 8 7
Prostate-specific antigen
<10 ng/ml 41 42
10–20 ng/ml 12 12
>20 ng/ml 7 6
Gleason score sum
6 49 49
7 22 22
8–10 10 12
Clinical stage
T1 35 34
T2 41 42
T3 5 4
T4/N1 1 1
Primary treatment
Radical prostatectomy 36 37
Radiotherapy 28 27
Other/bone 64 64
Year of diagnosis 1999 1998
Results are presented as the age-adjusted mean for continuous variables
and as the percentage frequency for categorical variables.
Table 5 – Risk analysis. Regular prediagnosis aspirin use nd risk
of lethal prostate cancer or prostate cancer cases diagnosed
before and during the PSA era
Lethal prostate cancer
Before the PSA era During the PSA era
Cases MHR
(95% CI)
Cases MHR
(95% CI)
Aspirin use
Never use 69 1.00 (reference) 16 1.00 (reference)
Past use 33 0.31 (0.20–0.48) 91 0.99 (0.58–1.69)
Current use 131 0.59 (0.43–0.81) 162 1.01 (0.60–1.69)
Duration
Never 69 1.00 (reference) 16 1.00 (reference)
Current, 1–4 yr 30 0.62 (0.39–0.97) 8 1.05 (0.44–1.49)
Current, 5 yr 101 0.56 (0.39–0.79) 154 1.06 (0.63–1.80)
PSA = prostate-specific antigen; MHR = multivariate hazard ratio;
CI = confidence interval.
a Regular aspirin use is defined as taking >3 tablets/wk for at least 1 yr,
with risk analysis values updated until prostate cancer diagnosis.
b Lethal prostate cancer is defined as tumor metastases to bones or other
organs or death if the cause of death was prostate cancer. Risk outcomes
are defined as time from 1981/82 baseline until outcome (metastasis or
death, whichever came occurred first).
c Whether an event was included in pre-PSA or PSA era analyses
depended on the date of initial prostate cancer diagnosis. Most men who
died in the risk analysis were not diagnosed with prostate cancer, so we
could not analyze the risk of overall mortality according to timing of
diagnosis.
d For the pre-PSA era, lethal prostate cancer was only considered an event
if patients were initially diagnosed before 1992. For the PSA era, lethal
prostate cancer was only considered an event if patients were initially
diagnosed in 1992 or thereafter.
e Multivariate models adjusted for age (years; continuous), race (white,
non-white/missing), body mass index (kg/m2; continuous), height
(m; continuous), smoking status (current, past [quit within 10 yr], never/
remote [quit >10 yr ago]), hypertension (yes, no), and diabetes (yes, no).
Table 4 – Survival analysis. Regular postdiagnosis aspirin use nd survival to lethal prostate cancer nd overall mortality among prostate
cancer patients diagnosed with nonmetastatic disease in the Physicians’ Health Study (n = 3277 patients)
Lethal prostate cancer Overall mortality
Cases PY AAHR (95% CI) MHR (95% CI) Cases PY AAHR (95% CI) MHR (95% CI)
Aspirin use
Never use 87 7105 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 253 7105 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
Past use 130 6572 1.42 (1.06–1.91) 1.50 (1.10–2.05) 426 6572 1.28 (1.08–1.52) 1.28 (1.08–1.53)
Current use 190 27 971 0.60 (0.46–1.77) 0.68 (0.52–0.90) 649 27971 0.68 (0.58–0.79) 0.72 (0.61–0.84)
Duration
Never 87 7105 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 253 7105 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
Current, 1–4 yr 99 13 240 0.61 (0.44–0.84) 0.70 (0.50–0.97) 235 13240 0.61 (0.50–0.74) 0.62 (0.51–0.76)
Current, 5 yr 91 14 731 0.55 (0.39–0.78) 0.66 (0.46–0.95) 414 14731 0.73 (0.61–0.87) 0.80 (0.67–0.97)
PY = person-years; AAHR = age-adjusted hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; MHR = multivariate hazard ratio.
a Regular postdiagnosis aspirin use is defined as taking >3 tablets/wk for at least 1 yr. The postdiagnosis survival analysis value is updated until lethality or
overall mortality.
b Lethal prostate cancer is defined as tumor metastases to bones or other organs or death if the cause of death was prostate cancer. The date was taken for
whichever outcome occurred first. Survival analysis outcomes are defined as time from prostate cancer diagnosis until outcome.
c Multivariate models adjusted for age at diagnosis (years; continuous), calendar year of diagnosis (continuous), race (white, non-white/missing), Charlson
comorbidity index (0, 1–2, >2) body mass index (kg/m2; continuous), smoking status (current, past [quit within 10 yr], never/remote [quit >10 yr ago], PSA
level at diagnosis (ng/ml; <10, 10–20, >20, missing), Gleason score sum ( 6, 7, 8–10, missing), clinical stage (T1–2, T3, T4/N1, missing), and primary
treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, other/none).
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